The Gazetteers Department

PHYSICALLY, THE FORESTS OP KOLHAPUR are a southward extension of the forest types of Poona and Satara districts. The wooded areas are confined to the western half of the tract. The western rim and its descending slopes claim a stunted type of evergreen vegetation. On the eastern fringes the over-wood consists of deciduous species with a ground-flora of evergreen species. The dry eastern plan claim scanty patches of wood-growth in land pockets. Three main forests types can be distinctly located, viz., (1) the sub-tropical evergreen, (2) the moist deciduous and the semi-evergreen, and (3) the dry deciduous forests.

Sub-Tropical Evergreen.

These occupy the high rainfall regions in the extreme west of the dstrict. No particular plant species can be marked as principal in the composition. Jambhul, hirda, anjani, surangi, panjambhul get mixed up in the top canopy with pnansi, etc., mostly coming in as sub-dominants. The lower storey and ground flora mostly consist of karvi, bracken fern and others. This composition is mainly confind to elevations round about 2,200' above the mean sea level.

Semi evergreen and moist deciduous.

Barring the prominent existence of the deciduous species in the typical deciduous deciduous formation, the composition of the two is made of jambhul, amba, nana, sissum, asana, kumbhi, bhava, panjambhul, kinjal, ain, kinai, umbar, biba, cnanste and others. In forests of this type in Ajra mahal, the famous scented wood species, chandan (sandalwood) occurs profusely. Bamboos are sparse.

Dry-deciduous type.

The dry deciduous forests are strewn far and wide in small patches. The usual species of the drier zones occur here. The prominent feature in these forests is the total absence of dhavda and a greater incidence of sissum.

Area statement of forest.

The area statement of the forests in various Ranges of Kolhapur District is given below: -

Name of the Range.	Area o Reserved Forest..		Area o Protected Forest t		Area o Unrelassed Forest.		Total
	A.	g.	A.	g.	A.	g.	A.	g.
1. Karvir	10,437	25	12,476	38	824	15	23,738	38
2. Panhala	47,783	12	21,343	13	--	--	69,126	25
3. Bhudargad	48,886	15	20,487	11	--	--	69,373	26
4. Ajra	15,036	33	18,323	03	243	15	33,603	11
5. Vishalgad	44,480	26	4,427	34	--	--	48,908	20
6. Bavada	18,318	10	--	--	--	--	18,318	10
7. Radhanagari	45,760	39	37,928	31	--	--	83,689	30
Total	2,30,704	00	1,14,987	10	1,067	30	3,46,759	00

These forests have been classified as reserved, protected etc. by the former Kolhapur State. However, a regular forest settlement and demarcation as per the procedure laid down in the Indian Forest Act will have to be done. Besides, there are extensive areas known as sheri lands claimed by H. H. the Chhatrapati Maharaja of Kolhapur as his private property, which are well stocked with forests. The legal position of these sheri lands have not been finally decided.

General condition of the forests.

The past history of the forests is a story of working that utterly lacked forest sense. The unrestricted practice of shifting cultivation known as kumri has caused considerable devastation of the forests and the woods in most places are stunted regrown. Very little, if at all, has remained on the original state of growth over the entire tract. The only forest conservation attempts were the strict reservations of certain species like teak, chandan, hirda, and sissum, which were also the royal trees in malki lands. Attempts of artificial regeneration of valuable species were never organized on an extensive scale. As a result of all these factors, the forests of Kolhapur district do not present a very healthy picture. Strict conservancy and extensive artificial regeneration will form the main works in future to improve the forests.

Marketable Forest produce.

Firewood and grass are the main marketable products from these forests. Timber is of a very poor quality and meagre. Hirda fruit is produced in large quantities and most of it is consumed in the factory of the Amba Tannin and Pharmaceutical Limited for the extraction of tannin. This tannin extraction factory is the only one of its type in the State. The other minor forest products are enumerated below: -

(1) Kaju fruits.

(2) Watsol.

(3) Cocumbs.

(4) Mango fruit.

(5) Bibi fruits.

(6) Shikekai.

(7) Palas leaves.

(8) Kuchala seeds.

(9) Kumkum fal.

(10) Silver cotton.

(11) Honey and Wax.

(12) Karanj seeds.

(13) Rameta bark.

(14) Reeds.

(15) Wavding.

(16) Tembhurni leaves.

(17) Pisa fruits.

The following is a list of the chief trees, shrubs, climbers, bamboos and grass to be found in the Kolhapur district: -

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
TREES.
Ain	Terminalia tomentosa.
Ain	Terminalia crenulata.
Akas-Nimb	Millingtonia hortensis.
Al or Bartondi	Morinda tinctoria.
Alu	Vengueria spinosa.
Amba	Mangifera indica.
Amberi	Nothopegia colebrookiana.
Ambgool, Narali	Elceagnus latijolia.
Anjani	Memecylon edule.
Apta	Bauhinia recemosa.
Arjun-Sadada ' Dhavada'.	Terminalia arjuna.
Asana, Katak	Bridelia retusa.
Avala	Phyllanthus embilica.
Babul	Acacia arabica.
Bahawa	Cassia fistula.
Behada, Vehola, Hela	Terminalia belerica.
Bel	Aegle marmelos.
Bhamini	Colebrookia oppositifolia.
Bhendi	Thespesia polulnea.
Bhokar	Cordia myxa.
Bhoma	Glochvdion lanceolarium.
Bhutkes	Mussaenda frondosa.
Bhutya	Elaeodendron glaucum.
Biba	Semecarpus anacardium.
Bibi	Holigarna arnottiana.
Bibla, Asan	Pterocarpus marsupium.
Bocha	Salix ichnostachya.
Bondara, Lendi	Lagerstroemia parviflora.
Bor	Zizyphus jujuba.
Chandan	Santalum album.
Chandida	Macaranga roxburghii.
Chapha	Michelia champaca.
Char, Charoli	Buchanania latifolia.
Chera	Erincarpus nimmoanus.
Chinch	Tamarindus indica.
Dahiwan	Cordia macleodii.

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
Delchini	Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
Dandoshi	Dalbergia lanceolaria.
Datrang	Ehretia canaransis.
Dhhaman	Grewia tilicefolia.
Dhavada, Dindal	Anogeissus latifolia.
Dikamali	Gardenia lucida.
Gela	Randia dumetorum.
Goinda, Kala	Diospyros montana.
Gulum, Gelam	Machilus macrantha.
Hadkya
Halda, Hashwal	Gholoroxylon swietenia.
Hed	Adina cordifolia.
Hingan	Balanites roxourghii.
Hirda	Terminalia chebula.
Humb	Saccopetalum tomentosum.
Hure	Sapium insigne.
Jam, Peru	Psidium guayava.
Jambhul	Eugenia jambolana.
Kajr, Kuchla	Strychnos nuxvomica.
Kaju	Anacardium occidentale.
Kalamb	Mitragyna parvifolia.
Kanchan	Bauhinia variegata.
Kapsin, Siddum	Tetrameles nudiflora.
Kapshi	Ligustrum neilgherrense.
Karanj	Pongamia glabra.
Karmal, Karambel	Dillenia iniica.
Kavath	Feronia elephantum.
Kel	Ficus tsjakela.
Kesari	Pterospermum heyneanum.
Khadshingi	Stercospormum xylocarpum.
Kheir	Acacia catechu.
Khargol	Trema orientalis.
Kharwat	Ficus asperrima.
Kinai	Albizzia paniculta.
Kinjal	Terminalia paniculata.
Kirmira	Ehretia species.
Koshimb	Schleichera trijuga.
Kuda	Holarrhena antidysenterica.
Kuda Kala	Wrightia tinctoria.
Kuda Tambada	Wrightia tomantosa.
Kumbal, Kate	Sideroxylon tomentosum.

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
Kumbhi	Careya arborea.
Kumkum Shendri	Mallotus philippinensis.
Krpa	Hemigyrosa canescens.
Kurwat	Ficus hispida.
Kurkuti	Connarus wightii.
Lodhra, Lodhya, Hura	Symplocos beddomei.
Lokhandi	Ixora parviflora.
Maharukh	Ailanthus excelsa.
Moha	Rassia latifolia.
Moina, Shemat	Lannea grandis.
Mana	Legerstraemia lanceolata.
Nandruk	Ficus retuse.
Neem	Azadirachta indica.
Nimbara	Malia dubia.
Padali	Stereospermum chalonoides.
Palas	Bhutea jrondosa.
Pangara	Erythrina indica.
Pajarabhul	Olea dioica.
Parvi	Wendlandia notoniana.
Petari	Trewia nudiflora.
Phanas	Artocarpus integrifolia.
Phansi	Carallia integerrima.
Pimpal	Ficus religiosa.
Pimpar	Ficus arnottiana.
Pimpri	Ficus tsiela.
Putranjiva	Putranjiva roxburghii.
Ranbhendi	Thespesia lampas.
Ranaphanas	Artocarpus hirsuta.
Ratamba, Kokam	Carvcinia indica.
Ritha	Sapindus emarginata.
Sag, Teak	Tectona grandis.
Satwin	Alstonia schloris.
Sawar Sewar	Bombax malabaricum.
Sawar	Bombax insigne.
Shindi	Phcenix sylvestris.
Shiras	Albizzia lebbek.
Shiras, Kala	Albizzia odoratissima.
Shissam	Dalbergia latijolia.
Shivan	Gmelina arborea.
Sitaphal	Anona squamosa.
Surangi, Undin	Calophyllum inophyllum.

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
Surangi	Ochrocarpus longifolius.
Tad	Borassus flabellifer.
Tamalpatra	Cinnamomum tamala.
Tembhurni (Diospros melanoxylon).	Oroxylum indicum.
Tetu	Zeanthoxylum rhetsa.
Triphal
Tiwas	Ougenia dalbergioides.
Tugal, Lallai	Albizzia amara.
Um, Hoom	Polyalthisucerasoides.
Umber	Ficus glmoerata.
Wad	Ficus bengalensis.
Warang	Kydia calycina.
Waras	Heterophragma roxburghii.
Wavla	Holoptelia integrifolia.
Wumb	Hephelium longana.
SHRUBS.
Adulsa	Adhatoda vasica.
Adulsa-Vilayati	Justicia roynandensis.
Amoni	Rhus mysorensis.
Amartya, Warkya	Nappia foetida.
Anantmul	Hamidesmus indicus.
Bracken fern	Ptoris accuirina.
Bugdi	Ardisia humilis.
Chillar	Caesalpinia sepiaria.
Chimnati	Indigofera pulcholla.
Chitrak	Plumbago zeylanica.
Dagadful	parmelia ceperata.
Dhaity	Woodfordia floribunda.
Dinda	Leea macrophylla.
Duranta	Duranta plumerii.
Erand	Ricinus communis.
Ghagri	Crotalaria retusa.
Ghaneri, Tanatani	Lantana camara.
Ghatbor	Zizyphus xylopyra.
Ghaypat	Agave sisalana.
Harki	Rauwolfia serpentina.
Hasoli, Asolin, Shirul	Grewia microcos.
Henkal	Gymnosporia montana.
Huli, Gowari	Hibiscus furcatus.

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
Ingali	Gymnosporia emarginata.
Jephali	Jatropha curcas.
Kanguli, Bandgul	Loranthus longiflorus (on teak, ain amba and Kumbhi) L. cunearus (on Kinjal).
Kanheri	Nerium odorum.
Kanphulia, Bisur	Callicarpa lanata.
Kankuti	Flemingia strobilifera.
Kare	Webera corymbosa.
Karhi-Nimb	Murraya koenigii.
Kari, Bhandire	Clerodendron infortunatum.
Karwand	Carissa carendas.
Karvi	Strobilanthes callosus.
Kate-ringani	Solanum xanthocarpum.
Kaundal	Trichosanthes palmata.
Kavli	Phyllanthus reticulatus.
Kevani	Helicteres isora.
Kusari	Jasminum arboresoens.
Lal Chameli	Quisqualis indica.
Lajalu	Mimosa pudica.
Madzhing	Dolichondronl falcata.
Mahalunga	Citrus medica.
Mondie	Lawsonia alba.
Morbel	Clematis triloba.
Moriel	Clematis gouriana.
Nagphani	Opuntia dilleni.
Nakchikni	Maravellia zeylanica.
Neptad	Capparis aphylla.
Nigdi	Vitex trifolia.
Nil	Indigofera tinctoria.
Nivdung	Euphorbia neriifolia.
Nivdung	Euphorbia antiquorum.
Pandhari	Murraya exotica.
Pandharphali	Flueggia microcarpa.
Pitkuli	Eugenia zeylanica.
Pitkuli Pendgul	Ixora coccinea.
Pilu Katri	Salvadora oleocides.
Pithori	Gymnosporia Konkanensis.
Phulati	Acacia latronum.
Rametha	Lasiosiphon eriocephalus.
Rui	Catstropia gigantea.

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
Shatavri	Asparagus racemosus.
Sher	Euphorbia turucalli.
Sunn or Indian Hemp	Grotolaria junces.
Sabja	Abutilon indicum.
Sudra	Ocimum basilocum.
Tarwad	Cassia auriculata.
Tippan or Tipani	Allophylus cobbe.
Toran	Zizyphus rugosa.
Tulas	Ocimum sanctum.
Tupa, Chichori, Panyal	Canthium umbellatum.
Ukshi	Calycopteris floribunda.
Van Kapus	Hibiscus vitifolius.
Vavding	Embelia ribes.
CLIMBERS.
Alei	Dalbergia volubillis.
Bhuikohala	Ipomoea digitata.
Cane	Catamum psedotenious thawai-tesic.
Chambuli	Bauhinia vahlii.
Chikani	Bridelia stipularis.
Ghotwel	Smilax macrophylla.
Gunj	Abrus precatorius.
Kavli	Cryptolepis bunchanani.
Kirkali	Grewia pilosa.
Kuhili	Mucuna pruriens.
Madwel	Combretum ovalifolium.
Navalicha Wel	Ipomcea vitifolia.
Palaswel	Butea superba.
Paryel	Cyclea peltata.
Pondguliwel	Dalbergia sympathetica.
Shembi	Acacia pennata.
Shikekai	Acacia concinna.
Supli	Mundulea suberosa.
Takla	Cassia tora.
Tugelmi	Ipcemia campanulata.
Unhali	Tephrosia purpurea.
Vatoli	Cocculus macrocarpus.
Wakeri	Wagatea spicata.

Local Vernacular Name.	Scientific Name.
BAMBOO.
Chiva, Tokar, Modar, Mace.	Dendrocalamus strictus.
Konda	Oxytenanthera stocksii.
Ranchiva	Oxytenanthera monostigma.
Velu, Kalak, Padhai	Bambusa arundinacea.
GRASSES.
Bhongrat	Anthistiria ciliata.
Bhale kusal	Andropogon tricticeus.
Buld grass	Cyperus bulbosus.
Chirka	Eragrestis tremula.
Chanya marvel	Andropogon pertusus.
Condal	Andropogon permilis.
Harali	Cynodon dactylon.
Kunda	Ischaemum pilosum.
Kusali	Andropogon contortus.
Marvel	Andropogon annulatus.
Hut grass	Cyperus rotundus.
Pandhari kusal	Aristida paniculata.
Pavnya	Ischoenum sulcatum.
Phuli	Apluda varia.
Rosha	Andropogon schoenanihus.
Shenda	Ischcenurn laxum.
Shimpi	Panicum isachne.
Wavashi	Saccharum procerum.

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